PICO Analysis Hand-Wash Revisionre

Question : Segment 1: Identification of proper exploration plans Give a short foundation to set setting, and express your inquiry. Utilizing the scholarlyliterature to help your work, answer the accompanying inquiries. (1)What kind of inquiry is this? (2)What is the most reasonable exploration configuration to answer this question?What moral contemplations that would should be tended to so as to convey outsuch an examination? Area 2: Evaluation of an exploration article Locate a unique examination article (ie NOT a survey) that gives proof to answer thequestion. Give the full reference for the article first, and afterward utilizing the insightful writing tosupport your work, answer the accompanying inquiries. (1)What is the examination configuration utilized in the article? (2)What strategies did the scientist/s use to gather and dissect their information, and why? (3)What are the key discoveries of the investigation? (4)How do these discoveries help to respond to your clinical inquiry, considering yourpopulation and work on setting? Answer : Area 1: Identification of suitable exploration structure Medicinal services backing and information on viable human services practice are two pivotal prerequisites for the prosperity of the cultural wellbeing. Like the reception of ideal intercession and treatment system, it is critical to use and screen a portion of the key necessities in routine practice. Hand washing is one of the compelling practices, which is important to be followed for powerful wellbeing reclamation of self just as for the patients to be tended to for successful social insurance administrations (Grol 2013, 167). The fuse of this training is significant for not just the experts engaged with medicinal services rehearses, yet additionally in the local and routine day by day life exercises. With the end goal of present exploration, the PICO based methodology is pointed in tending to the inquiry, Does hand washing stop contamination? (1)The received example of exploration related to the current extent of the report, can be made encircled in quantitative methodology. Such methodology will be founded on goal of aggregate numerical information that can be investigated utilizing appropriate scientific and factual strategies for discovering essentialness and pertinence of the examination. It is subsequently these critical numerical outcomes can be additionally used to explain mental and applicable imperative outcomes. Then again, the utilization of subjective examination is utilized to gather belief system and perspectives that can be further useful for expectation and assurance of the speculation and relating derivation (Can, 2011, pp.485). Randomized controlled preliminaries (RCTs) are valuable in such manner, as they help in making the outcomes substantial, hearty and exact for the distinguishing proof of genuine positive outcomes. At the end of the day, it very well may be said that the methodology is useful for t he avoidance of bogus positive outcomes. (2)Use of RCTs in finding the genuine positive outcomes related to any examination question is significant as on the grounds that it helps in giving unsurprising, dependable and adequate outcomes. Moreover, while bookkeeping of the significance of proof based examination, it is increasingly imperative to consider the unprejudiced control study. This aides in extricating un-one-sided data as well as have an arrangement of including control study. This then again, bring alternative towards the simplicity of examination and exact method of judgment (Shrank, 2011, pp.546). The concerned inquiry in the current report is to think about the adequacy and viability of hand washing related to the control and spread of contamination. In this manner, the gathering to be considered for the examination ought to be founded on a gathering following normal act of hand washing, though another gathering not rehearsing the hand washing practice. Other than this, the individual associated with hand washi ng practice ought to be excluded from the thought of this exploration work. The moral thought depends on taking assent for the people associated with following the imperative rules for the extent of examination and that the dependence of exploration yield will be founded on their perspectives and derivation. Area 2: Evaluation of an examination article Related to the current examination extent of this report, the concerned possibility is to discover the viability and adequacy of hand washing practice against the avoidance of contamination. It is consequently for a similar work, the received exploration article is, Increasing the recurrence of hand washing by human services laborers doesn't prompt equivalent decreases in staphylococcal contamination in a medical clinic ward (Beggs, 2008, pp. 114). (1)The quantitative kind of examination work introduced by the writer in the article is considered in a clinical ward of social insurance setting. All the more critically, the effect of hand washing practice was concentrates related to contamination brought about by staphylococcal species. In view of the general sign that the disease by staphylococcal species can be transmitted with the tainted hands from the province shaped by the simultaneous species. It is henceforth, the general sign being that without the act of legitimate hand washing, there is higher odds of procured disease with the species. Such effect of blemished hand washing can be therefore uncovered with the assistance of disease, according to the theory of the creators. (2)As examined in the past segment, the speculation for the worry is whether hand-washing practice can be useful in forestalling the disease. With a similar speculation, the creators have closed the exploration for the point of effect of hand cleaning over the transmission of contamination. The gathering of the patients were made by the creators into two sections, one where the individuals are defenseless with staphylococcus contamination and another gathering where the quantity of colonized patients are available. The absolute number of subjects (people) viable are accordingly consistent for the duration of the timeframe of mediation. So also, in another gathering, one section is people not influenced with the contamination and another part, which are colonized with the disease in transitory terms. The evacuation pace of the un-colonized patients is along these lines considered as effect, which likewise incorporates expulsions because of death, move to another ward with increasingly extreme type of disease and release with wellbeing recuperation. In view of the deduction acquired with the assistance of the trial results, the numerical terms are not additionally handled for factual induction, yet are exposed to scientific displaying. In actuality, with the assistance of scientific demonstrating, the got numerical components were considered with the assistance of differential condition. Increasingly exact detail of the numerical demonstrating and coefficient factors that are utilized with the assistance of studies can be gotten and perused in the paper. Subsequently, the last end was made with the assistance of differential condition, which gives derivation, either the disease will be expelled or will be obtained considerably after the hand washing practice. (3)The key finding of the proposed research article, can be said not to be in understanding to the theory of the writers. All the more precisely, it was uncovered with the controlled investigation, that the viability of hand washing isn't likely for the control of the staphylococcus disease. It was found in the that the hand washing when all is said in done terms isn't a powerful control measure, as the transmission being as yet unique in both the gatherings. Besides, the arrival of the disease is likewise not being controlled. The advantage of hand washing is there as uncovered by the creators, however the impact isn't over 20%. The contamination state regardless of the hand washing, is as yet subject to the contact reached made to the tainted patients. The inconvenience rate is that was acquired in 40 percent of the colonized patients were likewise seen as happening even with the reception of exact hand washing practice. Unexpectedly, it was discovered that ward the executives, haw thorne impact, and ecological pollution was seen as in charge with the reception of such practices. For definitely the deterministic numerical demonstrating utilized for the comprehension of the hand washing practice was seen as a sterile practice, however isn't compelling with the end goal of counteraction of staphylococcus disease. The normal predominance of the staphylococcal disease in emergency clinic ward are not seen as decreasing throughout appraisal by the creators. Such induction was inferred based on irregularity in the episodes of staphylococcal disease. (4)It can be said that with the assistance of this examination, the creators inferred that basic hand washing practice isn't powerful in the movement of essential disease, for example, by staphylococcus species. Other than this the restrictions included inside the examination, are not being talked about by the creators. These confinements can be ascribed to the utilization of different specialists, for example, disinfectant or liquor based hand wash operators, or utilization of drug in the dissolvable for the hand washing reason for existing was not being talked about by the creators. Positively, incorporation of these components in the investigation, may can possibly expand the significance and detail for the future course of drug determination. Hand washing when all is said in done is a viable practice that ought to be embraced for the perfect and sterile reason, that is valuable for the adequacy in wellbeing reclamation and wellbeing the executives reason. Concerning the populace side, it is valuable for the consideration of models, for example, gastric and respiratory sicknesses. Surely, these things are compelling for the staying away from of a considerable lot of essential disease, for example, contamination brought about by pathogenic stains of E. coli and parasitic contamination where spores can be moved with the assistance of soil contact. Other than this, cleaning of the emergency clinic ward or residential region with the assistance of disinfectant operators or cured arrangements is likewise significant for the correspondence of sickness. In o

Menendez Brothers essays

Menendez Brothers papers The Menendez siblings are two exceptionally upset individuals that lived extremely upset lives. They slaughtered their folks without hesitating and attempted to cover it up. Them two are lying untrustworthy individuals so nobody will ever recognize what really occurred the night they slaughtered their folks, however I accept that they did it not for vengeance, yet for ravenousness. Jose imagined that Lyle would go to an Ivy League school. Lyle, who was not a decent understudy, advised his companions that he needed to skip school and open a café with his dads budgetary sponsorship. Jose would not engage considerations of anything short of an Ivy League instruction for Lyle. When Lyle at first applied to Princeton in 1986, he was dismissed. He tried out a neighborhood junior college and presented another application to Princeton for the 1987 school year. While Lyle held on to get notification from Princeton, he met and started to date Jaime Pisarcik, a server at a nearby Princeton café. Jaime was additionally a tennis player and five years more seasoned than Lyle was. Kitty and Jose didn't care for Jaime in light of the fact that they felt that Jaime was dating Lyle in light of the fact that he was the child of well off guardians. Lyle was acknowledged to Princeton in 1987, more on the quality of his ethnicity and capacity to play tennis, than on his state administered test scores and secondary school reviews that were simply normal. Throughout the mid year of 1987, Lyle and Jaime declared that they were locked in. This declaration enraged Jose. At 19, Jose felt that Lyle was too youthful to possibly be hitched. Without further ado before Lyle was to start at Princeton, Jaime moved to Alabama to instruct tennis. Lyle followed her. Jose was annoyed with this and subtly orchestrated to support Jaime on an European tennis visit. Jose imagined that once Jaime was good and gone, Lyle could focus on Princeton with no interruptions. Jose wasn't right. Lyle followed Jaime to Europe. Last admission to Princeton is dependent upon each conceded first year recruit marking a letter promising to comply with the respect ... <!

The Ethnic Conflict Between Israel and Palestine free essay sample

Ethnic clash among Israeli and Palestine Many nations during the time have battled each other. A portion of the battles brought about worldwide wars, some kept up just a nearby importance, yet at the same time there are a ton of issues that are managed by utilizing military power. These issues have shifted over the time from the appropriation of capacity to religion, race, and ethnicity, etc. The reason for this article is to investigate the ethnic clash of Israel and Palestine and to uncover the premise of the issue just as to perceive how the nations are managing it. In the first place, it is important to investigate the historical backdrop of both Israel and Palestine. From the outset a look will be taken into the historical backdrop of the State of Palestine. In the nineteenth century Palestine was a region of Ottoman Empire. In 1850 its populace was around 4% Jewish, 8% Christian and the rest were Muslim. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Ethnic Conflict Between Israel and Palestine or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page There was no contention between the networks and everybody lived calmly. The State of Palestine was announced on fifteenth November 1988 by the Palestine Liberalization Organization’s (PLO’s) National Council estranged abroad in Algiers which singularly received the Palestinian Doctrine of Independence. It guarantees the Palestinian domains and has assigned Jerusalem as its capital. Despite the fact that Palestine was an express that existed before, due to noteworthy occasions of the Arabs and the way that Britain remained in favor of Jews, the land was isolated and the zones establishing the State of Palestine have been involved by Israel since 1967. The individuals of Israel follow their starting point to Abraham, who set up the conviction that there is just a single God, who is the maker of the universe. Abraham, his child Yitzhak (Isaac), and grandson Jacob (Israel), are alluded to as the patriarchs of the Israelites. Each of the three patriarchs lived in the Land of Canaan, that later came to be known as the Land of Israel. The State of Israel was established on fourteenth May 1948 in Palestine which at that point was the Arab land. Its capital is Jerusalem and Israel is the world’s just Jewish-larger part state. As hostile to Semitism preference against or scorn of Jews in Europe expanded, the main Jewish figures reached the determination that Jews need their very own State. Essentially it was historys heritage that made disruptive issues among Palestinians and Israelis. Judea, home of the Jews in old occasions, was vanquished by the Romans and renamed Palestine. Palestine was later vanquished and occupied by Arabs for over a thousand years. The Zionist development emerged to reestablish the Jews to Israel, generally overlooking the current Arab populace. Following the Balfour Declaration in 1917, Palestine was conceded to Britain as a League of Nations order to manufacture a national home for the Jewish individuals, since hostile to Semitism was developing and without their very own condition Jews would consistently be oppressed. Palestinians were not counseled in this issue, which is one reason that the Arabs loathed the Jews coming in to take their territory. Driven by Grand Mufti Hajj Amin El Husseini, Palestinians revolted over and over and later revolted, making a past filled with hatred among Jews and Arabs in Palestine. England halted Jewish migration to Palestine. Following the Holocaust, in which 6 million Jews were murdered by the Nazis, pressure on Britain expanded to permit Jewish movement to Palestine. In the 1917 Balfour Declaration the British government had said that a „national home for the Jewish individuals would be established in Palestine, while safeguarding the common and strict privileges of non-Jewish people group there†. The second piece of the arrangement was not incorporated. In 1947, the United Nations, to whom the British gave over the entire issue since they couldn’t figure out how to deal with it, divided the land into Arab and Jewish states. The Arabs didn't acknowledge the segment and war, called the Intifada (the uprising), broke out. The Jews won an unequivocal triumph, extended their state and made a few hundred thousand Palestinian displaced people. The Arab states would not perceive Israel or make harmony with it. Wars broke out in 1956, 1967, 1973 and 1982, and there were numerous fear strikes and Israeli responses. During these wars the Israeli powers out numbered the Arabs by three to one. Before the finish of the war in 1947, Israel had involved seventy eight percent of Palestine and three quarter of a million Palestinians had been made outcasts. After the 1967 clash it held onto the staying twenty two percent, including the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Anyway in light of the fact that global law states it is illicit to possess an area through war, postulations involved territories don't have a place with Israel. Each side accepts various adaptations of a similar history. Each side perspectives the contention as completely the flaw of the other and anticipates a statement of regret. In 1993 there was a procedure begun to stop many years of encounter and struggle and endeavor to live in serene concurrence, common nobility and security. This procedure was known as the Oslo Peace Process (OPP). There are six primary driver for the Palestinians and Jews to be in such a contention: * Land * Palestinian displaced people needed to return home, yet Israel declined * Water †Israel is taking more water assets to itself, however it ought to be conveyed decently * Settlements †little units of houses ensured by uncommon gatekeepers that are both in Israel’s and Palestine’s region * Borders and security Jerusalem †as the capital for the two nations, Jews rule it in lion's share, however it ought to be done similarly. The standards of understanding and the general system of the OPP’s exchange were the accompanying: * Israel perceived the presence of the Palestinian political side and perceives the Palestine Liberalization Organizations (PLO) * PLO perceived the privilege of presence of Israel. * Israeli concurred on the independence of the Palestinian involved regions. It required a five-year transitional period in which Israeli powers would pull back from involved domains and a Palestinian Authority would be set up, prompting a changeless settlement. It was marked on the White House yard in September 1993 within the sight of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat. After the Oslo understanding, Yasser Arafat came back to A palestinian area, the Palestinian Authority was set up and Israeli withdrawals started. Be that as it may, the understanding was upbraided by hardline Israelis and Palestinians as a rat and it didn't grab hold. The previous general Ariel Sharon was Israeli head administrator he reported that Israel would leave the Gaza Strip and would manufacture a divider and fence to guard itself against self destruction aircraft and separate the Palestinian domains from Israel. Sharon ousted about ten thousand Jewish pilgrims from twenty one settlements In Gaza and the West Bank and by 2005 Israeli fighters had left the Gaza strip without precedent for decades. This chafed the Israel conservative who split into divisions to attempt to expel Sharon, essentially however, he was mainstream with the Israeli individuals with more than 80% of the electorate backing his arrangements. Some accept this was the nearest the Palestine and Israel strife went to any kind of settlement and harmony. Anyway when Sharon’s party was prevailing by the more forceful and master Israeli Likud party, drove by the occupant Benjamin Netanyahu, any possibility of an arrangement evaporated and pressure reemerged. Essentially the outcome was not palatable. Palestinians dismissed the OPP and there was no last settlement. Everything was cryptic, the open didn’t know about all the exchanges and conversations going on and it was simply the doubt of the gatherings that prompted the dismissal of a harmony settlement. Yet at the same time Israelis and Palestinians are attempting to join to characterize the issue. Despite the fact that Jews got their own state as the Balfour Declaration expressed, it is flawed whether it merited this †wars, killings, loss of domain, consistent battling about assets like water, etc. Talking about the character of this contention it is sheltered to state that is isn't only an ethnic clash that ventures into history, yet additionally a contention with respect to fringes, an area and assets. What's more, as referenced previously, Jews got their state and it is a ground-breaking just society with an elevated requirement of living and it is viewed as a hello tech industry, its outskirts have still not been fixed and, most importantly, it has not and soon won't arrive at a settlement with the Palestinians. It is ground-breaking yet it fails to find a sense of contentment. [ 1 ]. http://www. mongabay. com/history/jordan/jordan-the_palestinians_and_the_palestine_liberation_organization. html [ 2 ]. http://www. science. co. il/israel-history. php [ 3 ]. http://lifeprogram. organization/LIFE_in_Israel. html [ 4 ]. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/greetings/world/middle_east/7381315. stm [ 5 ]. http://www. mideastweb. organization/nutshell. htm [ 6 ]. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hey/middle_east/7385301. stm [ 7 ]. In the same place.

Personal Development How to Get Your Manager Involved

When we hear "personal development," the first thing that usually comes to mind is self-improvement. However, personal development is more targeted than that. It's the process of becoming aware of opportunities, then enhancing your skills to reach more success. Related: Be productive—7 ways to use time more wisely Personal development can help you achieve your goals and promote a healthy working environment for your team. This has helped many businesses attract more qualified candidates and retain more motivated employees. But for personal development plans to really work, managers must be invested in the process. Why are managers important for self-growth? Guiding & sharing the workload Good management is key to running a successful business. Success depends on a team's efficiency, dedication and motivation. No matter how good you are, you can't carry the full workload by yourself. From recruiting to finance, design to development, sales to marketing, there's a lot of ground to cover. So, managers allocate assignments to qualified individuals, providing support when needed, then track all the moving pieces to guide each project to completion. Maintaining relationships & motivation The relationships managers have with their team members play an important role in employee motivation. A recent study showed the importance of supportive management. The study asked 61 financial managers to assess their improvement and the support of their managers during the development process. The result? Only 33% percent of those who had unsupportive managers felt any sort of improvement. On the other hand, an astonishing 74% of those with supportive managers said they felt substantial improvement. Having supportive managers leads to better performance and better results. [Click to tweet ] So why are some managers not supportive or involved? Fear of starting fires Being a manager requires in-depth knowledge on multiple subjects, which, to the new manager, can feel quite intimidating. They have to handle a variety of situations in a timely manner (often called "putting out fires"), and the whole outcome depends on their response. Some managers believe that if they distance themselves as much as possible and enforce rigid policies, these things are less likely to happen. But that leads to a lack of supportive communication, which in turn stifles growth. Focus on hard power Some managers just don't think they're supposed to be supportive. Instead, they believe their power and authority will be diminished if they appear to be soft and caring. That is a big misconception which leads to fear, rigidity and an unhealthy work environment. These managers mistakenly focus on appearance rather than their employees' well-being, and it shows when employees burn out, leave or become bitter workers. Lack of motivation and work-related satisfaction Managers are employees, too. Some feel they aren't appreciated enough, or that they aren't reaching their full potential. This usually happens due to a failure to recognize and reward their performance. Most people who work hard expect some sort of recognition or appreciation in return. If that fails to happen, they start feeling like no one cares, which often leads to worse performance. How to motivate your manager to get more involved Educate them about why it's important Some managers aren't aware that they should be more involved and supportive. If that's the case, you need to find a way to show them the importance of mutual support and the effect it can have on you and your team. You can organize a 1-on-1 meeting with your manager to discuss the issue privately. You could also offer to organize a training session or workshop for your team to brainstorm ways for management to get involved and provide support. Boost their confidence & motivation Being a leader is tough. When managers feel respected and skillful enough to lead, it fuels their desire to excel, take risks, and guide the team towards new goals. For a boost, you can remind your manager of the team's past successes and how they've helped you reach your goals. Give honest, constructive feedback so they know what's working and what isn't. You can do this in a way that shows you care about them personally, even while challenging them directly. My manager calls this type of communication "radical candor," and he always appreciates our honesty because it gives him ideas on what we'd like to see improved. Create a positive work climate Once it takes hold, happiness spreads around easily and fast. But before that can happen, you need to improve communication first. The environment must feel safe, respectful and trustworthy in order to increase positivity. Consider starting with team-building games. These activities will give managers a chance to get to know their employees better and to help them feel more comfortable with each other. From there, you can move on to other topics without being afraid of their reaction. Key takeaway If personal development is important to you, start by getting your manager involved. Think about what you want to accomplish in your current role, and how your manager can help you reach those goals. Talk to them about your career hopes and dreams, and foster a positive and supportive team environment. When you all support each other, you'll feel more empowered and supported on your journey of self-improvement. Enjoy this post? Subscribe to the Lucidpress blog to get our best delivered to your inbox every week.

Analysis Of Carol Logan Patitu s Article On Incidents Of...

Carol Logan Patitu’s article focuses on incidents of date rape and how they are increasing, especially on college campuses. As with any issue of this magnitude, there are bound to be differing attitudes toward the rape victims. The author portrays her writing from both sides. One side being sympathetic to the rape victims and the opposing side, giving no sympathy but believing they are crying out for attention. By providing charts and examples along with real life situations, Patitu is able to keep the relationship between the reader and the test subjects relevant. But I will be focusing on the first part, where Patitu talks about the sympathy that is given. In the contradicting piece, I chose Robin Wilson’s article about the national campaign against rape cultures on college campuses. This campaign brought attention to sexual violence, and to victims (typically women) who have long described being ignored. But others think the movement has gone too far, labeling some i nnocent students as rapists, which is where Wilson revolves her article around. The opening statement of this paper is ‘College men accused of rape say the scales are tipped against them’. It explains how women target men and people tend to take the side of the women over the men, even if the man is innocent. Wilson as tells how she feels the movement against rape has gone too far and people need to step back, because, men in college are losing their chances at a triumphant future. Both articles have a

Sexual Education And Sex Education - 1358 Words

Do Not Have Sex, You Will Get Pregnant Die (Mean Girls) What if a rapist was coming at someone? Do kids know what to do besides lie on the ground and cry? What if a teenager had an unplanned pregnancy? Do they know their options about abortion or adoption or keeping the baby? Will young adults know the results of their choices? Sexual education teaches all of the following, and kids in the curriculum are more likely to defend themselves in a plot when they were approached by a stranger (â€Å"Teaching children in schools†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Sexual education teaches students about sexual health, abstinence, and information such as contraception, condoms, unplanned pregnancies, and sexually transmitted diseases (â€Å"Sex Education Programs†). Comprehensive sexual†¦show more content†¦Liberals and Conservatives want different things, but in the middle of their argument is the kids who are defenseless among the diseases (Masland). Twenty-five percent of the population that is sexually active are young adults about between fiftee n to twenty-four year olds. Half of the young population has new sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (â€Å"State Policies on Sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). A survey from Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) in 2011 states of high school students forty-seven percent admit they have had sex, and fifteen percent of those high schoolers have had sex with around four people in their life (â€Å"State Policies on Sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The article states that almost half of high school students are already having sex, when a sex education class would push adolescents to wait until married to have sex (â€Å"Reducing Teenage Pregnancy†). Teenagers, with the help of a sex education class, would be taught the prevention of STIs and unplanned pregnancies, and would make judgements regarding their sexual health and sex in general. Qualified teachers would present thorough information to teenagers respecting that they are young adults (â€Å"Sexuality Education†). Molly Masland in â€Å"Carnal Knowledge: The Sex Ed Debate† writes, Kids are becoming more sexually active at an earlier age. Sixty-six percent of all American high school students have had sex by their senior year. According to the Centers for Disease

Legitimacy of Social Entrepreneurship †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Legitimacy of Social Entrepreneurship. Answer: Introduction Predates the European Enlightenment and in the late 17th Century and the concept of social contract theory is developed. Thomas Hobbes (15881679) was known as first English philosopher that explained social contract theory and after that John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau contributed into this theory/philosophy. Social contract theory is related to moral values and political science that also relevant in the current business environment. True and fair view (TFV) is an accounting concept/principle that explained it is essential for firms to prepare and present fair and true financial statements. The social contract theory is relevant or application in TFV principle and different accounting principles/standards/concepts. This paper describes Hobbes, Lockes and Rousseau viewed related to social contract theory and then explains this application in the accounting. The main aim of this paper is to explain the social contract relevant and application in accounting profession in the context of TFV principle. In this, considers the assessment item 1 literature review finding to discuss TFV represents or nor present a social contract between the accounting profession. In addition, another main aim of this paper is to describe the social contract relevance and application of Legitimacy Theory in accounting. In this, conducts literature review to explain the both topics and reaches an outcome of this study. According to Vladu, Salas Matis (2012), TFV accounting means the prepared the true, fair and error free financial statement to present the accurate financial position or situation of the company in front of stakeholders. The TFV is played important role in accounting, auditing and financial reporting to present the accurate or correct financial situation of the company in the market. Stakeholders such as business partners, suppliers, investors, shareholders, distributors and customers decision is based on the current financial position of the company, so that it is essential for it to prepare and present correct or accurate financial statement through applied the TFV principle/standard of accounting (Vladu, Salas Matis, 2012). In addition, it is the social responsibility of the companies to prepare and present the fair, true and correct financial statements for preventing the stakeholders interests. In addition, Albu, Albu Alexander (2013) stated that the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is accounting standards principles, and procedures that companies must follow to prepare financial statements. The GAAP standards explained that the companies are preparing full, true and fair financial statements (i.e. Profit Loss statement, Balance Sheets and Cash Flow statement) to present the accurate financial position, liquidity position, assets-liabilities position and cash inflows and outflows position in front of stakeholders. The legal view of a TFV has bounded the companies to prepare fair, true and accurate financial statements in the each year (Albu, Albu Alexander, 2013). Moreover, TFV is considered the concept of business ethics and social contract as through prepare and present the fair and true financial statements the companies able to prevent the interest of all stakeholders and contribute for society. Historical Background of Social Contract in Accounting: The idea of social contract is based on the social contract theory/philosophy that predates the European Enlightenment and has originated in the late 17th century. Leonard Samantar (2011) stated that Thomas Hobbes at the dawn of the Enlightenment or social contract theory, then John Locke also contributed in and Jean-Jacques Rousseau at the end. Although its origin is unknown, but Thomas Hobbes was considered first proponents and he that have developed social contract theory in the late 17th century that generated related to the political theory and moral or values. Thomas believed that as a social contract theory, an individual or organization behaviour, activity or decision is the greater good of society (Leonard and Samantar, 2011). Lee, Walter?Drop Wiesel (2014) stated that the key idea of social contract theory is presented by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) that was faced the English Civil War (1642-1648) and witnessed the overthrow of Charles II. Hobbes' explained the human motivation theory and social contract theory that are part of his main political theory. He has described the human motivation factors and human social contract that produces a particular view of people moral values and political lives. In addition, John Locke (1632-1704) presented that men's generally uniting into common-wealth that is totally different viewed from Hobbes social contract theory and political theory (Lee, Walter?Drop Wiesel, 2014). According to John Locke philosophy of social contract, people are united for preservation of their wealth, liability and well-being as well as preserving their lives from the civil government or King. Furthermore, Evans, Baskerville Nara (2015) expressed that Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) presented his idea of the social contract in the different way. Rousseau's social contract theory or idea is based on the social justice, equality freedom and human rights. He conceived outcome of the individual or organization action should be benefits for all, equally. He believed that and the social contract must enforce that all men were free and equal. Rousseau's idea or theory inflamed the passions that led to the French Revolution and the constitution of the US. According to social contract theory, all member of society agree to social contract as well as universally applicable moral or ethical rules simply by participating in the making of these rules (Evans, Baskerville Nara, 2015). He stated that social contract as a social agreement between member of society to follow the mutual decided rule, regulation, ethics and moral values. TFV indicates a social contract among the accounting profession and the business community: Salihin, Fatima Anam Ousama (2014) pointed that the TFV principle has been researched in assessment item 1 that finding indicated the social contract among the accounting profession. In addition, TFV principle is related to business ethics and support the accounting profession related to social contract. In addition, the assessment 1 finding expressed that accounting profession does not misused of their power to present misstatement, but to support the social contract. The social contract is an idea based on social contract theory that explains so much of accounting theory. Social contract theories have implications in the number of areas of accounting theory. Annisette and Richardson (2011) stated that in recent times, social contract theories and TFV principle applied in accounting professions to study of business ethics issues related to financial misstatements. Many organizations, CEO and accountants have presented financial misstatement of the companies in the past few years that required discussion of the TFV principle and social contract relations with accounting profession. The unfair and misleading financial reporting by the companies, CEO and accountants indicated the ethical dilemma situation and they have not followed the laws and accounting regulations. The TFV principles represent the social contract between the accounting professionals to prepare and present the financial statement true, fair and accurate (Annisette Richardson, 2011). The social contract between accounting professionals helped them to understand the importance, need, relevant, and application of TFV principles. Christensen, Nikolaev Wittenberg?Moerman (2016) stated differently that according to the social contract, employees those working related to accounting professionals cannot right to misuse their power while prepare financial statement or perform financial reporting and always prepare or present fair, true and right financial statement. TFV indicates a social contract among the accounting profession through explained the accounting professionals always consider the benefits of society and stakeholders while perform their task or duties. Moreover, it is essential for the accounting professionals to behave ethically and consider social benefits while perform their duties and prepare financial statement (Christensen, Nikolaev and Wittenberg?Moerman, 2016). Social contract between accounting professionals motivated and encouraged them to behave ethically and socially through prepare and present true, fair and accurate financial statements. Jacobs (2012) stated that according to the social contract theory/philosophy, the basic of the accounting professionals is maintaining balance both businesses and social benefits. The impact of business on social welfare, both positive and negative is felt primary through employees, consumers and stakeholders. In recent times, many organization benefit to society and enhance society welfare through producing or delivering of valuable goods and services. Harmful results include depletion of natural resources, pollution, high wastage, and reduction of personal accountability on the providers of goods and services (Jacobs, 2012). The harmful effects of business on employees include low wages, worker alienation, dehumanization, dangerous working conditions, and lack of control over accidental working condition. Mkel Nsi (2010) stated that since public accountants, TFV and social contract has important implications for the public accounting profession to organize themselves into firms in order to produce fair, true and accurate auditing services. The general conditions of the social contract apply by accounting professionals to all productive organizations. The social role of public and private accounting professionals is prepare and provide the fair, true and correct financial statements. The social contract between the public accounting professionals indicated their social role similar as auditor role through focus on fair and true financial reporting. In the context of the social contract, accounting professionals, auditors and their clients may make special contracts that are mutual self-interest (Mkel Nsi, 2010). The social contract between accounting professionals are not allowed them to violate the norms and ethics and followed the auditors role through present the fair and true fin ancial statements. Moreover, Lanis Richardson (2012) presented similar viewed and justified that the TFV represents a social contract essential among the accounting professions to encourage accounting professionals to prepare and represent the fair and true financial statement of the firm. Social contract created pressure in accounting professionals that if they present misleading statement then its reputation and image is affected in the social and corporate world, so they focused on the prepare and show fair, true and accurate financial statements of the firms (Lanis and Richardson, 2012). In addition, Wiseman, Cuevas?Rodrguez Gomez?Mejia (2012) predicted that the social contract theory also point out ethical foundations of the accounting professionals implicit in the specification acceptance of social role and social mutual interest. The social contract approach/philosophy explained that auditors or accountants are obliged to act in accordance with the dictates of social roles. The balance between the social and organization benefits are considered by auditor or accountant to fulfill their social and professional obligation (Wiseman, Cuevas?Rodrguez Gomez?Mejia, 2012). In the word of Perks, Farache, Shukla Berry (2013), an agreement between accounting professionals and society as evidenced through legislation recognizing of the professional organizations of public accounts and auditor. Most of the countries accounting standards required the publicly held corporation financial statements can be examined by independent auditors. The auditing profession have agreed to act in a social responsibility way for providing benefits of the society by applied TFV principle while auditing of financial statements or reporting (Perks, Farache, Shukla Berry, 2013). Social Contract and Its Relevance to Legitimacy Theory in Accounting Orij (2010) described that the social contract is an unwritten agreement, but the people agreed to follow it to maintain social and business environment. The idea of social contract is not new, it is developed in 17th century by Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes believed that a social contract is not an actual contract and developed by mutual agree of people or participants, but it was essential for the greater good or beneficial of society. The social contract develops a legitimacy theory while business communities and the many groups agree on an agreement that benefits for the society or people (Orij, 2010). Social contract philosophy explains the individuals ethical and political obligations related to accounting that has beneficial for society. Social contract cannot be written form of law, but related to accounting professionals ethics, moral values and political obligations. In addition, Jahn Brhl (2016) submitted that social contract is played a significant role in explains of legitimacy theory in accounting. The term legitimacy in accounting is associated with use of valid codes, rules, and standards during perform accounting practices. The use of international accounting standards when run business in different countries is also raised the legitimacy theory concept in the accounting. The focuses of legitimacy theory in the accounting in accounting practices may help organization to behave ethically and morally with maintain the transparency, fairness and accuracy of the financial reporting. The fairness, accountability and transparency in the financial reporting is also essential for the ethical and social business practices (Jahn Brhl, 2016). The legitimacy in accounting is related to the overall welfare of the business that associates with social contract. According to Ieng Chu, Chatterjee Brown (2012), the legitimacy theory means the widely used theory. Legitimacy theory in accounting means the widely used accounting principles, standards or concepts in the business communities in all over the world. Business ethics related to accounting such as fair and true financial statement preparation is widely used in the worldwide. In recent times, social contract theory is applied in the accounting fields and many accounting legitimacy theory is relevance with social contract. The social contact is an idea that relevance with many accounting theories and it has implications in the several areas of accounting theories (Ieng Chu, Chatterjee Brown, 2012). This section provides opportunities to explore social contract implications in different accounting legitimacy theory. In this part, discusses the social contract theory application and relevance in the different accounting legitimacy theory including stakeholder theory, environmental and sus tainable reporting, business ethics, corporate governance, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Carroll Shabana (2010) presented similar viewed and stated that the legitimacy theory in accounting defined the organizations can maintain their financial reporting to focus on business ethics and social contract relevant accounting theories. In recent times, social contract between accounting professionals that encourages them to consider both organizational and social benefits while financial reporting and maintain accounts of the organization. Organizations are required the followed the legitimacy theory in accounting and financial reporting to provide benefits of society (Carroll Shabana, 2010). Organizations are applied the business ethics, stakeholder theory, accounting standards/concepts, environmental and sustainability reporting, corporate governance, and CSR to provide benefits of the society. Social contract relevance to stakeholder legitimacy theory in accounting: In the word of Carnegie Napier (2010), social contract relevance and application of stakeholder legitimacy theory in accounting as the auditor and accounting professionals are required to consider the interest of all stakeholders through prepare and represent the true, faire and accurate financial statement. According to stakeholder theory, it is unethical to provide misstatements of the organization, due to it affected the stakeholder and harm their interest. Many stakeholders such as business partners, investors, creditors, shareholders, suppliers or distributors and customers decision related to business depended on the financial statements and current financial position of the company (Carnegie Napier, 2010). In the case of misstatements, their decision are wrong and harm that, so that shareholder legislative theory in accounting applied by accounting professionals to prevent the rights and interest of all stakeholders. Nicholls (2010) justified that according social contract, business organizations does satisfy the stakeholders and society through business operations in legitimacy manner. Business organizations always considered the interest of stakeholders and social benefits before taking any business decision. Business organizations explains accounting professionals their social role, so they able to prevent right or interest of all stakeholders and contribute into the development and wealth of society (Nicholls, 2010). Stakeholder theory legitimacy in accounting also required the accounting professionals maintained social contract with each others to understand the social need or requirement of the people and try to meet it with business operations. Social contract relevance to corporate governance legitimacy theory in accounting: According to Li, Gupta, Zhang Sarathy (2014), social contract relevance and application to corporate governance and environment sustainability in business organization by ensure that operations or functions cannot harm society, community, environment and planet. Corporate governance and business ethics are relevance with social contract and the organizations applied these accounting/business concepts to follow the ethical path to ensure sustainability of society, community, environment and universe. Corporate governance legitimacy accounting concept is applied by firms to creating stakeholders trust and social value through given message that it has not harm environment and people during producing and delivering product or services (Li, Gupta, Zhang Sarathy, 2014). In recent times, many MNCs preparing and presenting their corporate governance report each year that given message in stakeholders regarding investment and strategies use by MNCs to ensure sustainability of the business and environment. According to Bebbington, Unerman O'Dwyer (2014), corporate governance and sustainability related main strategies currently applied by companies are reduce pollution or CO2 emission, use natural or renewable source of energy, waste management, green house offices, and develop environment friendly products or services to provide benefits of society and ensure sustainability of people and planet. Corporate governance legitimacy theory is similar as social contract as it is different from country to country (Bebbington, Unerman O'Dwyer, 2014). Islam (2014) also stated that different country people have different culture, ethics, moral values, political thinking or view, living standard and social lives that vary corporate governance legitimacy. Developing countries and developed countries different business environmental factors such as culture, social, economical, political, legal and technical vary governance (Islam, 2014). The literature has confirmed that the business communities w ould bring different perception on social contract and its application or relevancy in corporate governance and environment sustainability theory. In the word of Aribi Gao (2010), social contract relevance and application to CSR legitimacy theory in accounting as through apply this theory or concept business organization able to fulfill their responsibility for the society, community, people and planet. CSR is applied by companies to invest in society through invest in education program, health care program and welfare activities of the people, die to they understand their corporate responsibility for society and people. Organizations are running their business that generated harmful gases or wastage, which harm people and environment. Therefore, it is social responsibility of organizations to contribute into the social welfare and prevent the environment. The organizations spend in charity and run social activities such as provide education and health care services of local people to fulfill their social responsibility for the people and planet (Aribi Gao, 2010). CSR legitimacy theory is relevant with social contract theory as both main aims are to provide benefits of the people and society. In addition, Frynas Stephens (2015) presented similar viewed as Aribi Gao (2010) and stated that CSR legitimacy theory is based on the social contract theory that applied by most of the organizations to understand their responsible for the society and environment. Environmental and sustainability reporting and renewable products or business solutions are some features of CSR policy that applied by many MNCs and large organizations to prevent the society, people and environment. Social contract and CSR legitimacy theory applied by the companies to understand social need of the people and then try to fulfill this need to create social value of the business. Social contract and CSR strategies also utilized by companies to develop their reputation, image and social value that may help it to take competitive advantage in the market (Frynas Stephens, 2015). The most of the companies currently are focused on invest in society through run education, training and development, health care a nd social welfare schemes. Moreover, Matuszak, R?a?ska Macuda (2015) described different thoughts through explained that it is also social responsibility of the firms to prepare and represents true, fair and correct financial statements in from of all stakeholders in the market. The financial misstatement indicated the accounting professionals have not considered their social obligation and social role that affected the stakeholders interest. Currently, CSR legitimacy theory is becoming essential business concepts that applied by firms to develop their social values among stakeholders in the competitive market (Matuszak, R?a?ska Macuda, 2015). Albu, Albu Alexander (2013) described that the social contract concept is applied by business communities to solve business ethics issues related to accounting and business other activities. In the accounting, the employees or professionals of accounting department must follow their moral values and behave right or ethical to benefits society and consider the interest of stakeholders. The concept of corporate governance, stakeholder theory, environmental sustainability, and CSR is required the accounting professionals considered moral values, right or wrong and ethics to provide benefits of society and organization in balance way. Moreover, Jones (2010) explained that business ethics is related to society or community through it bounded account professionals and management to considered interest of all stakeholders while perform their jobs or while taking business decision. Social contract theory is relevance and application of business ethics as ethics indicated an individual perso n and organization morality and values relates to society. Social contract theory is also relevant and application in CSR, governance, and environment sustainability as these business concepts represented the social activities or functions of organizations to meet the social expectation of the people. The above section explained the social contract relevance and application in the different accounting legitimacy theories include stakeholder theory, corporate government, environment sustainability, CSR and others. The above literature reviewed explained the social contract is relevance and application of the different legitimacy accounting theories, due to currently business organizations focused on contribute in social welfare. Conclusion On the basis of the above literature review, it can be stated that TFV explains the social contract is required between the accounting professions. The literature explanation indicated that social contract among the accounting profession and the business communities helped them to understand need and importance of true, fair and correct financial statement of the company for the society. This paper conducted literature review that would be achieved aim of this paper of develop understanding on social contract theory and its application or relevance in legitimacy accounting theories. This literature review presented several controversies and debates regarding TFV represented and represented not a social contract among the accounting profession. This paper finding concluded that social contract theory is relevance and application in legitimacy theory of accounting include TFV, stakeholder theory, accounting business ethics, governance, CSR, environment sustainability and others. Moreov er, the proper academic literature review is ensured the reliability and credibility of both topic findings. References Alawattage, C. (2011). The calculative reproduction of social structuresThe field of gem mining in Sri Lanka.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,22(1), 1-19. Albu, C. N., Albu, N., Alexander, D. (2013). The true and fair view concept in Romania: A case study of concept transferability. InAccounting in Central and Eastern Europe(pp. 61-90). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Albu, C. N., Albu, N., Alexander, D. (2013). The true and fair view concept in Romania: A case study of concept transferability. InAccounting in Central and Eastern Europe(pp. 61-90). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Annisette, M., Richardson, A. J. (2011). Justification and accounting: applying sociology of worth to accounting research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,24(2), 229-249. Aribi, Z.A. Gao, S., (2010). Corporate social responsibility disclosure: A comparison between Islamic and conventional financial institutions.Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting,8(2), 72-91. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. O'Dwyer, B. (2014). Sustainability Accounting and Accountability. UK: Routledge. Carnegie, G.D. Napier, C.J., (2010). Traditional accountants and business professionals: Portraying the accounting profession after Enron.Accounting, Organizations and Society,35(3), 360-376. Carroll, A. B., Shabana, K. M. (2010). The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice. International journal of management reviews, 12(1), 85-105. Christensen, H. B., Nikolaev, V. V., Wittenberg?Moerman, R. (2016). Accounting information in financial contracting: The incomplete contract theory perspective.Journal of Accounting Research,54(2), 397-435. Evans, L., Baskerville, R., Nara, K. (2015). Colliding worlds: Issues relating to language translation in accounting and some lessons from other disciplines.Abacus,51(1), 1-36. Frynas, J. G., Stephens, S. (2015). Political corporate social responsibility: Reviewing theories and setting new agendas.International Journal of Management Reviews,17(4), 483-509. Ieng Chu, C., Chatterjee, B. Brown, A., (2012). The current status of greenhouse gas reporting by Chinese companies: A test of legitimacy theory.Managerial Auditing Journal,28(2), pp.114-139. Islam, M. (2014). Social Compliance Accounting: Managing Legitimacy in Global Supply Chains. Germany: Springer. Jacobs, K. (2012). Making sense of social practice: theoretical pluralism in public sector accounting research.Financial Accountability Management,28(1), 1-25. Jahn, J., Brhl, R. (2016). How Friedmans View on Individual Freedom Relates to Stakeholder Theory and Social Contract Theory.Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-12. Jones, M. J. (2010). Accounting for the environment: Towards a theoretical perspective for environmental accounting and reporting. InAccounting Forum, 34(2), 123-138. Lanis, R., Richardson, G. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and tax aggressiveness: a test of legitimacy theory. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 26(1), 75-100. Lee, M. M., Walter?Drop, G., Wiesel, J. (2014). Taking the state (back) out? Statehood and the delivery of collective goods. Governance, 27(4), 635-654. Leonard, D. K., Samantar, M. S. (2011). What Does the Somali Experience Teach Us about the Social Contract and the State?. Development and Change, 42(2), 559-584. Li, H., Gupta, A., Zhang, J., Sarathy, R. (2014). Examining the decision to use standalone personal health record systems as a trust-enabled fair social contract.Decision Support Systems,57, 376-386. Mkel, H. Nsi, S., (2010). Social responsibilities of MNCs in downsizing operations: A Finnish forest sector case analysed from the stakeholder, social contract and legitimacy theory point of view.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,23(2),149-174. Matuszak, ?., R?a?ska, E., Macuda, M. (2015). The concept of CSR in accounting theory and practice in Poland: an empirical study.Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowo?ci, (84),. 115-138. Nicholls, A., (2010). The legitimacy of social entrepreneurship: reflexive isomorphism in a pre?paradigmatic field.Entrepreneurship theory and practice,34(4),.611-633. Orij, R. (2010). Corporate social disclosures in the context of national cultures and stakeholder theory.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,23(7), 868-889. Perks, K.J., Farache, F., Shukla, P. Berry, A., (2013). Communicating responsibility-practicing irresponsibility in CSR advertisements.Journal of Business Research,66(10),1881-1888. Salihin, A., Fatima, A. H., Anam Ousama, A. (2014). An Islamic perspective on the true and fair view override principle.Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research,5(2), 142-157. Vladu, A. B., Salas, O. A., Matis, D. (2012). THE PERCEPTION, IMPORTANCE AND VULNERABILITY OF TRUE AND FAIR VIEW IN THE ROMANIAN ACCOUNTING ENVIRONMENT.AMIS 2012, 1404. Wiseman, R. M., Cuevas?Rodrguez, G., Gomez?Mejia, L. R. (2012). Towards a social theory of agency.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), 202-222.

The Role of the Project Manager Is to Command and Control free essay sample

Being an effective project manager is among the most challenging jobs in the industry for two reasons. First it requires management skills and abilities different from those required in a traditional functional management position. Second, there are very few training opportunities available to those moving into the project management. Thornberry, Neal E. October 1987]. This article addresses the roles and responsibility of a project manager which in today’s modern techniques are not only restricted to command and control but spread out far beyond these factors. Project manager lead the overall effort of project management. Due to their multidiscipline and highly interdependent nature, projects, more then any other form of organizational and managerial work, demand a leader to motivate the team members. All activity is initiated and performed by people, not by reporting tools or procedure. A good project manager must be task oriented i. e. command and control techniques but also people oriented. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Project Manager Is to Command and Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) suggest that project managers stem from various backgrounds, possess relevant skills and competencies, and are required to govern a project throughout its life-cycle [(CIOB, 2002, p. )]. The implication is that a PM not only manages their team, but leads the team: leading by example, by gaining the trust and respect from their team through motivating, co-ordinating and maintaining morale. However, they must also utilise a range of other skills while leading the team to successfully deliver the project. [Griffith and Watson (2004, p. 31)] suggest that the person seen as the construction project manager executes many of the â€Å"classical† functions i. e. conducts, controls, and administers. Various sources of literature discuss the roles executed by the construction industrys project managers and the skills they require in order to be able to effectively manage their team towards successful delivery of a project. [Sommerville and Dalziel (1998)], when reviewing project manager’s role, clearly demonstrated the diversity of the role set and the then predominant roles. [Fryer (2004, p. 17)] states that managers can influence the way in which their subordinates behave either positively or negatively and argues that project managers engage in: planning, organising, directing, controlling and, developing staff. Griffith and Watson (2004, p. 31)] describe the vital functions of a project manager as: forecasting, planning, organising, controlling, motivating, co-ordinating and communicating. They asked 50 construction managers to rank these seven functions in order of importance; the results established then are shown in Table I. Motivating and forecasting were perceived to be the least important functions and yet it is clear that in contemporary practice, a project manager must have the ability to motivate his team in order to successfully complete the project, and also to clearly forecast how progress is against a pre-determined plan. Under pressure managers are more likely to use a command and control style of leadership during a recession, but a leadership expert claims that whatever the economic climate, it is the wrong way to go about improving corporate performance. Scott Watson, managing director of UK and Bahrain based Summit Consulting and Training, which has trained and supported more than 10,000 executives and managers in the UK and Arabian Gulf, says autocratic management styles stifle creativity, undermine staff morale, destroy trust and ruin the potential for any worthwhile collaboration to maximise organisational effectiveness. People work harder when they feel they are making a positive difference, an intrinsic motivation. The command and control management style works through extrinsic motivators such as threats, authority, and even monetary incentives, all of which prevent or even replace employees’ natural intrinsic motivation. A management style that gives people ownership of their methods, tools, and results, and in which people can feel good about collaborating with and helping those around them (co-workers, customers, and suppliers) provides intrinsic motivation, and people work hard because they like the way it makes them feel, and feel important and appreciated — the â€Å"psychological pay† principle. Everyone wants to feel good about themselves, but command and control takes that feeling away from them. People work harder for someone they respect, and preferably like. A manager who understands that the workers in the trenches usually see the organization’s challenges and problems better than he or she can, can gain their input and support their efforts more effectively than a â€Å"commander† who assumes he or she knows, or is expected to know, more than their subordinates. This attitude only alienates subordinates and loses their loyalty, respect, and input. It may even move them to undermine the organization’s performance in subtle ways in an effort, possibly never acknowledged, and probably in a form that can’t be identified, that is based in nothing so much as a desire for revenge. People work harder when they’re not doing it under threat. Some command and control-styled managers use subtle threats to do their job, and may unwittingly put employees in a situation where they can’t see a way to succeed. The results can be disastrous as far as morale and work performance, not only for the employee placed in that position, but for their co-workers who will see what is going on and fear being put in such a position themselves[On effective management 2008] The above discussion above will lead you to a better understanding of how command and control can be used in an effective manner. Over command and control can lead to employee un-satisfaction and result in lack of interest and employee will feel lack of respect, thus giving a decreased desire to contribute Therefore, a project manager should be able to balance his authoritative skills and employee relationship in an effective and efficient manner.

15 Best People to Follow on Twitter and LinkedIn for Career Advice

15 Best People to Follow on Twitter and LinkedIn for Career Advice When you’re on the hunt for a new job, it can feel like a lonely process sometimes. You’re editing your resume, you’re researching new opportunities and job descriptions, and you’re working on your personal package and brand. All of those are necessary elements of the process, but that’s a lot of â€Å"you† going on, no? Where do you turn when you need advice and career resources such as resume templates, interview guides and workplace tips? You know our door is always open at TheJobNetwork, but there’s also a whole internet of people who add their personal voices and expertise to the mix. Social media has opened up everyone’s networks like never before, making it easy to connect with others. Let’s look at some of the movers and shakers who can help bump your career development to the next level, whether you’re a seasoned veteran or just starting out.Career Influencers on TwitterTwitter’s not just for TV rea ctions and presidential candidates’ late-night rants, believe it or not. It’s also host to a thriving career hive, where the @ signs fly fast and furious in every industry. Here are some of the best people to follow if you want to stay in the know:Kathryn Minshew, founder of The Muse. Whether it’s general career/job search advice or the cutting edge of what’s happening in the career world, Minshew is on it and sharing it for her followers.Simon Sinek, motivational and leadership author and speaker. Sinek has made a career out of studying successful leaders and their communication, and making those insights accessible via his books (Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action and Leaders Eat Last: Why Some Teams Pull Together and Some Don’t) and his social media.Hannah Morgan, career and job search expert, and founder of CareerSherpa. Morgan offers a constant stream of advice for â€Å"solopreneurship,† as well as brandi ng yourself and hunting for your next big opportunity.Abby Kohut, a recruiter and career coach, and founder of Absolutely Abby. Kohut is not only great at what she does (she was named among the â€Å"Top 25 Women To Follow On Twitter For Your Job Search† by CEO World), but she’s also on a tour of the USA in an RV, offering career advice and inspiration from sea to shining sea. And if an RV tour doesn’t offer good Twitter entertainment, I don’t know what does.Guy Kawasaki, motiviational speaker and former â€Å"chief evangelist† of Apple. Kawasaki is one of the best known career, business, and leadership speakers in the biz, and his Twitter is chock full of advice on branding, managing your career, and the occasional (very relevant and necessary) cute animal video.Adam Toren, author, entrepreneur, and founder of Young Entrepreneur. Toren’s voice is essential because it speaks to would-be entrepreneurs of all ages, and offers advice for people looking to build their brand whenever they want to start. Even if you’re only young at heart, Toren has great insight about how to go about developing your entrepreneurial side.Seth Godin, bestselling author and career/marketing/business guru. If you’ve heard of any career coach before, there’s a good chance it’s Seth Godin. Author of 14 books about marketing, leadership, personal branding, and personal growth, Godin has become a go-to for people all over the country looking to boost their careers and their outlook. Godin’s Twitter feed is tied to his blog, where he shares his everyday insights on the marketing and career worlds.Women 2.0, media company specializing in innovation opportunities and business education for women. Despite the name and stated mission, Women 2.0 offers solid career information for any gender, as well as valuable insight into diversity and increasing opportunities for entrepreneurs who are just starting out.Randi Zuckerb erg, author and speaker. Sure, that other Zuckerberg is a household name these days, but his sister, Randi Zuckerberg is a social media force to be reckoned with as well. The author of Dot Complicated, Zuckerberg has a lot of great insight into how to manage social media in our professional and personal lives, as well as building brands and content.Elon Musk, CEO and tech innovator. If there’s an â€Å"it† executive and influencer right now, it’s Elon Musk- hands down. With his involvement in cutting-edge companies like SpaceX, Solar City, and Tesla, he’s helping to redefine what it means to be a leader, innovating in business and science at the same time.Career Influencers on  LinkedInLinkedIn is a great place to concentrate your job search energies, because it’s a connecting hub for so many companies and industries. It’s also an excellent spot to find inspirational voices and guidance from people who know their stuff. When you branch out from your own personal network and move beyond the basic job search functions of LinkedIn, these influencers are must-follows as you build and shape your career.Laszlo Block, Senior Adviser at Google and author of Work Rules!. Block publishes lots of great content on LinkedIn, offering insights from his work at Google (maybe you’ve heard of it- you know, that little underdog, mom-and-pop tech behemoth) and his experience leading teams.Lisa Gates, career coach and founder of She Negotiates. Negotiation is such an important part of your career and your role as a self-advocate- and yet it’s an area where almost all of us can use some work. It’s a big career challenge- what can you ask for, what do you do, and how far can you go? Gates offers tips and insight that we can all use, whether we’re negotiating a new offer, looking for a pay/title bump, or leveraging your performance review.Meg Giuseppi, career and personal branding coach. Giuseppi is a branding g uru who works with people to build their resumes, leadership skills, and social media brands as part of their job searches. Her articles give strategies and tips for pushing your professional package to the next level.Heather Huhman, career coach and digital marketing specialist. We hear about Millenials and their trends/needs/peculiarities all the time- but what about Gen Y, the pre-Millenials? For those of us who fall into that bucket between Gen X and the Millenials, Huhman is here to offer sage recruiting advice for building your career after your first or second jobs, and how to negotiate career changes.Paul Freiberger, resume writer and job search consultant. Freiberger isn’t the kind of writer who publishes 18 posts a day, but what he does post is high-quality advice for your job search, your resume, negotiation, etc.- all the biggies. He also talks about issues that aren’t always discussed widely in the career arena, like how to deal with a job search if youâ⠂¬â„¢re an introvert. (More on interviewing-while-introverted here as well.)One of the best things about networking in the social media age is that you can decide what level of involvement you want to have. Are you happy just reading content and articles posted by people who are in the know? Do you prefer to interact with people who have specific expertise? Whether you’re comfortable @-ing big names or just the occasional retweet, the experience is totally customizable. The resources are out there- you just have to find (and follow) them!How about you? Do you have any favorite follows who brighten your feeds with interesting and useful content? We’d love to hear from you in the comments.

Public School Education and Globalization Annotated Bibliography

Public School Education and Globalization - Annotated Bibliography Example ASI. (2003). Democracy and Education. Washington D.C: Albert Shanker Instutute. According to the author, a majority of schools leaders have in recent past shown concern that in the communities, many educators, those in business leadership and a number of parents of students are getting concerned that many high school graduates are increasingly falling below the par as far as responding to the needs of employers in the job market is concerned. Moreover, governmental schooling reforms are today largely fashioned towards gratifying the needs of the marketplace. Dewey, J. (2009). Democracy and Education. Berlin: GRIN Verlag. Many graduates are not so clearly succeeding between the classroom lessons and the careers they need to pursue as an interest area in their careers. In this regard many schools across the United States are now training teachers and principals to be more concerned in counseling and teaching students to a more career oriented approach.. This entails dedicating themselves to introducing avenues and opportunities that respond to contextual learning and seeking to ensure that appropriate ways that ensure that things change are adopted. Dicken, P. (2007). Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy. London: Sage Publications. According to P. Dickens, education meets two basic levels: equality and then the social issues and skills demanded by employers. Accordingly, the concept of democratic level-headedness suggests the call for a system of education that facilitates socio-economic progress and the appreciation of a culture of economic relevance, who can then meaningfully take part in communities and groups aligned on democratic ideals in an impartially and objectively informed approach. Arguably is the fact that National Governments across the world continue to hub on equality in the accessibility to education and other social institutions that promote sustainable development. Noteworthy also is the fact that the central goal and purpose accruing from the foregoing discussion would be accordingly, the creation of fruitful citizens/ graduates, and not necessarily resourceful personnel. Indeed, the aim is for the citizens to be able to maximize personal accomplishment, that is to say governments are now mo re focused in development of education curriculum that is more focused on promoting ‘socially and economically cohesive democratic communities’ that respond to the globally defined economic demands. Fazal et al (2005). Globalization and Recent Shifts in Educational Policy in the Asia Pacific. New Delhi: UNESCO. Fazal et al note that, educational policies have been affected. The authors imagine that various governments and their agencies, under the conditions of globalization, have been changing a number of things. This include, not only the rationale for education but also getting actively involved in reconstructing the syllabi and approaches of teaching by also being cognizant of factors such as technology having been laid by use of the internet and other technological advancement associated with the world today. Largely, all this take into account the ever-changing aspects of international trade. Hudis, P (2001). Making Education Career Focused. Berkeley. US Departmen t of Education. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:NJPGGdzftcwJ:www.mathematica-mpr.com/PDFs/makingschools.pdf+Should+public+school+education+be+overhauled+to+teach+trade+skills+to+most+students+based+on+aptitude+tests+and+life+interests+as+opposed+to+preparing+every+student+for+college?&hl=en&gl=ke. This article talks about career oriented approach in education. It is common knowledge that many leaders in the education in the United States and elsewhere in the world are of the opinion that it is important to review school curriculum with a view to prepare students for further education and successful careers, Even more importantly is

Ancient Dance References Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ancient Dance References - Essay Example Ancient Dance References Dance is a pastime and a ritual that, while historical, has very little traceable history. There is plenty of evidence to show that it has existed for many millennia, perhaps even since the dawn of mankind, but there are great gaps between the dance that we know now and the dance that existed back then.Dance, being a physical activity, is unable to leave behind concrete proof of its presence. As such, it is only a guess that dance has been around since the beginning of human beings. We are able to rely on the few bits of historical evidence to accompany this assumption, even though it still remains to be just an assumption. Likewise, the questions of where dance originated from, why it was started, and how it was originally practiced are only able to be answered with educated guesses. Descriptions of ancient dances are few and far between, but they do exist. This allows us a glimpse into the past of dancing. One of the first greatest descriptions of dance com es from India and was written by Bharata Muni, a man who lived approximately between 500 BC and 200 BC. The textbook that he wrote, which was called the Natya Shastra, outlined many things in regard to theatre and music, but the majority of the book was based on dance. Bharata wrote in great detail about a variety of dances, focusing a lot of pages to every movement in each of the dances. He also divulged into descriptions of the social contexts that these dances would be used in. This book is considered to be the first detailed account of dance.

Life as a Master Cosmetologist Essay Example for Free

Life as a Master Cosmetologist Essay What is a master cosmetologist? A master cosmetologist is an individual that has knowledge and skills in the field of cosmetology through advanced education. Cosmetology is defined as the art and science of beautifying and improving skin, hair, and nails. (Houghton Mifflin, 2009) In order to obtain the title master cosmetologist certain requirements must be met. A master cosmetologist may provide beauty services, massages and scalp treatments, apply make- up, style wigs, perform some hair removal and provide nail and skin care services. Life as a Master Cosmetologist A master cosmetologist has several advantages. One advantage from working as a master cosmetologist is the option to work on skin, hair, or nails. Many choose to work in a specific field after they are licensed. Job titles reported for a master cosmetologist are; hair stylist, hairstylist, hair dresser, hairdresser, barber stylist, manager stylist, platform artist, celebrity stylist, make-up artist and nail technician. A state issued license is required to practice cosmetology, although educational requirements to receive such license vary depending on state. Georgia State Board of Cosmetology first requires an individual to receive 1500 credit hours from an accredited cosmetology school. Coursework is taught by licensed professional instructors and consist of lectures and labs covering bacteriology, sterilization, customer service and business. † (Master cosmetologist, 2011) Additional coursework includes anatomy, physiology and chemistry. Secondly, the individual must submit an application to state board for an examination date. You must past a written and practical exam with a score of 70 or above. Following, an application for initial licensure along with a money order must be submitted. The fees vary by state between $30 and $50. A Master Cosmetologist License should be renewed every two years before March 31. Some states may allow a license holder to apply for reciprocity in another state. Reciprocity may be extended to licensees from other states or countries that have similar training and licensing requirements. The state of Georgia does not reciprocate with Florida, Hawaii, New York or California. There is an endless list of job descriptions associated with a master cosmetologist. A job description is defined as a document that outlines all duties and responsibilities of a particular position in a salon. The following entries are examples of such job descriptions. *Develop new styles and techniques. *Demonstrate and sell hair care products and cosmetics. *Operate cash registers to receive payments from patrons. *Shampoo, rinse, and condition scalp, hair or hairpieces. *Update and maintain customer information records, such as beauty services provided. *Bleach, color or tint hair using temporary, demi-permanent, semi-permanent, or permanent hair color. * Schedule client appointments. *Analyze patrons’ hair and other physical features to determine and recommend beauty treatments or suggest hairstyles. Cut, trim, and shape hair or hairpieces based on customers’ instructions, hair type and facial features. *Keep work stations clean and sanitize all tools, implements, and equipment. The skills of a master cosmetologist are limitless. Providing personal assistance, emotional support, and other personal care has proven to be the most valuable. Others include but are not limite d to; performing for or working directly with the public, thinking creatively, updating and using relevant knowledge, active listening, time management, judgment and decision making, critical thinking and management of financial resources. Being aware of others’ reactions and understanding why they react the way they do is an important skill known as social perceptiveness. (E-Best resumes, 2011) Employment Most employers require a person to have a high school diploma or GED and cosmetology license. â€Å"Candidates must have a professional presentation and strong customer service skills. † (Cosmetologist career profile, 2011) Employers may ask that a salon stylist also provide an employment portfolio and resume. A portfolio is a collection of photos and documents that reflect your skills, accomplishments, and abilities in your field. A resume can be described as a written summary of a person’s education and work experience. By law, a master cosmetologist must display his or her credentials at his or her station, and clients may ask to see a license in areas where the license need not be displayed by law. A lengthy career in cosmetology may cause physical damages to the body. These damages would be considered disadvantages of working as a master cosmetologist. One disadvantage would be carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on the median nerve- the nerve in the wrist that supplies feeling and movement to parts of the hand. It can lead to numbness, tingling, weakness or muscle damage in the hands or fingers. Varicose veins are swollen twisted and sometimes painful veins that have filled with an abnormal collection of blood and would be considered another disadvantage of this profession. Moreover, lower back pain is triggered by a combination of overuse, muscle strain, and injury to the muscles, ligaments, bones and discs, making the back more prone to injury and re-injury. Low back pain can lead to overall imbalance in the spinal structure. Occupational Outlook The market seems favorable in years to come for cosmetologists. Cosmetology could be one of the few recession proof careers; things would have to get pretty bad for most people to prompt taking haircuts and hairstyling out of their budgets. â€Å"In fact, as stress and anxiety about the economy rise, so does business at salons, where clients can find relaxation and relief in the midst of the turmoil. †(Cosmetology career trends, 2011) According to SimplyHired. com, as of 2010, the average salary for a master cosmetologist is $31,000 per year. Income may vary due to customers’ tipping habits, services provided, experience of the cosmetologist, and whether he or she works on commission. The demand for cosmetologist is expected to grow by 20% between 2008 and 2018. Opportunities should remain plentiful, especially for new graduates seeking entry-level positions. Finally, to be successful you must take ownership of your education. Not surprisingly, employment will be greater for those with professional experience and those licensed to provide a broad range of services. A demand for specialized hair services has increased in recent years. This trend will continue, leading to a favorable occupational outlook for cosmetologists.

Karl Marxs Views on how Industrialization Affected Society Essay

Karl Marx's Views on how Industrialization Affected Society The Industrial Revolution was the result of many interrelated changes that transformed society from agricultural communities into industrial ones. The most immediate changes on society because of this revolution were on the products that were produced, where, and how. Goods that were traditionally made in homes or small workshops began to be manufactured in large industrial factories. As a result, productivity and efficiency increased dramatically, thereby causing a radical shift in the long-established economies that existed at the time. The Industrial Revolution led to the growth of cities as people moved from rural areas to the city in order to find work. Marx believed that the changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution overturned not only the traditional economies, but also society in general. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, both societal and economic conditions were largely determined by agriculture. Growth was slow, and people relied on traditional means to get by. The majority of the society were farmers and raised other animals. In the eighteenth century, however, the population exploded at an unprecedented pace. There are four primary reasons that may be cited for this growth: a decline in the death rate, an increase in the birth rate, the virtual elimination of plagues, and an increase in the availability of food [1]. This population growth created a surplus of labor. The need for workers in agriculture decreased due to the technological advances in techniques and tools. The surplus of people, as well as other would-be farmers, had to find jobs elsewhere. This is one important factor in the shift of the popul... ...Sherman, Dennis, and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. Vol. 2: From 1600. (New York: McGraw Hill Publishers, 2001), 572. 4. Joseph A. Montagna, â€Å"The Industrial Revolution,† Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. 2001, http://www.cis.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1981/2/81.02.06.x.html (22 October 2001). 5. The Acts 29 Times. â€Å"The Industrial Revolution,† April 1999, http://www.acts29online.org/industrial%20revolution.htm, 22 October 2001. 6. James Fielden, The Curse of the Factory System (New York, A. M. Kelley, 1969), 34- 35. 7. Fielden, 34-35. 8. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000, Industrial Revolution, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington. 9. Chris Rohmann, A World of Ideas (New York: Random House Publishing, 1999), 249. 10. Rohmann, 249 11. Marx, 19. 12. Marx, 16.

Describe the ways in which swing music and popular culture Essay

There were many ways in which swing music and popular culture were interrelated during the time known as the swing era. Jazz became the cornerstone of popular culture during the period known as the swing era. The swing era influenced clothing styles, retail marketing, fashion, dance, and even language. Swing fans had their own clothing style and built a social phenomenon around it. With many dances coming and going the swing fans kept on dancing. Name some of the specific innovations Duke Ellington brought to jazz in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Duke Ellington brought some specific innovations to jazz in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Ellington was in time known as the greatest composer in jazz, he wrote roughly 2,000 compositions that had arranged from solo piano pieces, to works for orchestra’s, to highly symphonic concert music, etc. Ellington made a lot of changes to make the perfect sound, he used a variety of mutes on brass instruments to achieve more interesting tonal effects, often gave melodies to instruments that were not typically melodic instruments, and he used cross-sectional voicing. Ellington created an orchestra in the early 1940’s which later became known as his â€Å"Favorite Orchestra†. Describe why Count Basie’s rhythm section is called the first modern rhythm section. Count Basie’s rhythm section is called the first modern rhythm section. Basie made the rhythm section to â€Å"breathe† which helped compliment instead of duplicate, as well as having the drummer Jo Jones who played the high hat cymbal style. With this Basie had created the All-American Rhythm section which was known at the first modern rhythm section because Basie had created such an amazing rhythm section to go with the rest of his band it was solid. Describe some of the reasons why the swing era began and why it came to an end. There were many reasons why the swing era had begun and why it had come to an end. The beginning of the swing era started from a band called the Benny Goodman Orchestra. They traveled around on tour to get a spot and had been denied, until their last stop in Los Angeles, CA. The Palomar Ballroom wanted to hear the music that had been broadcasting and this began the swing era. The swing era decided to collapse with a shocking suddenness, with bands all over closing up their bags and shutting down. The swing era had suddenly ended from changing economics, the war, predictability, the changing audience, and bebop all of this had ended what was known as the swing era. Describe how the styles of Lester Young and Coleman Hawkins were different. The styles from Lester Young and Coleman Hawkins were very different throughout the swing era. Hawkins and Young were two of the best tenor sax players that had emerged during the swing era. Considerably different, Hawkins played a huge dark sound, whereas Young’s was light and breathy. Some of the differences were as follows; Hawkins improvisations were based on his superior knowledge of harmony, Young’s were rooted in the blues, Hawkins played with a rhythmic approach that was always closely tied to the beat, and Young’s rhythmic conception was much looser, and often untied to the beat. Although they had many differences, they inspired sax players for years to come. The arranging styles of Ellington and Basie are quite different when put next to each other to compare and contrast. In the song â€Å"Take the A Train† by Duke Ellington the rhythm section of the band is very on point, and broad it is a stand out section and wants to make their point. They are very loud obnoxious and want to make you want to dance. For the â€Å"One O’clock Jump† by Count Basie the rhythm section is very low key and mellow, although very good and has a good beat, more of a song to have a mellow night to or to hangout and relax to. I prefer the song â€Å"Take the A Train† by Duke Ellington, because I like to dance and it more fits my personality of a loud and obnoxious fun song.

Is Drug Addiction A Choice Or Disease - 1480 Words

Is Drug Addiction a Choice or Disease? Should the cause of addiction rely on people s actions? These days, drugs can be found everywhere, and it may seem like everyone s doing them. Lots of people are tempted by the excitement or escape that drugs seem to offer. But learning the facts about drugs can help one see the risks of chasing this excitement or escape. Several people argue whether drug addiction is a disease or a choice. Discussing this argument in hopes to have a better understanding as to why this topic is so controversial. For those on the other side of the argument they claim just the opposite. According to a source on the Internet entitled Saint Jude Retreat House, alcoholism and drug addiction are not diseases because those types of behaviors can be avoided and there is help available to change these behaviors.To call addiction a disease and not a choice, evidence will need to show the flaws in calling addiction a choice, show how drugs of abuse work, how addiction fits into the disease model, identify what organ is primarily affected, and be able to recognize what the symptoms of drug addiction are. There are some very educated individuals who believe that addition is a behavior and that behaviors are a result of choices. According to Gene Heyman, a Harvard psychologist, drug addiction is a choice, not a disease. In his book, Addiction: A Disorder of Choice, Heyman states that addiction is not a disease and that it is a pattern of persistent butShow MoreRelatedIs Drug Addiction A Choice Or A Disease?1743 Words   |  7 PagesIs drug addiction a choice or a disease ? 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